Syndecan-2 compositions and methods of use

ABSTRACT

SDC2, compositions that comprise SDC2, vectors encoding SDC2 and compounds that modulate expression of SDC2 by cells are used for treatment of mammalian, e.g. human, cells to achieve immunomodulation or for other specific therapeutic interventions. Cells are treated by combining the cells with SDC2, treating the cells with an antibody or fragment thereof that binds SDC2 or modulating expression or activity of SDC2 by the cells. Cells or tissue are derived from treated cells for therapeutic uses based on their immunomodulatory or other therapeutic properties.

INTRODUCTION

The present invention relates to immuno-modulatory and therapeutic agents and compositions, and uses thereof. In addition the invention relates to testing and modifying existing cell-based products so as to affect their immuno-modulatory and/or other therapeutic properties.

BACKGROUND

A plurality of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) related products, for clinical use, are known and more products are in development and are expected to be approved for human use in the future. MSCs exhibit some immuno-modulatory properties, which can contribute to their therapeutic value, and MSCs are used, inter alia, for treatment of autoimmune diseases. The immunosuppressive potential of human MSCs is evidenced for example by studies showing the inhibitory effects on the proliferation of T-cells, B-cells, dendritic cells and natural killer cells (Han et al., 2012).

EP 1795588 describes use of adipose tissue derived MSCs for treatment of graft versus host disease (GVHD); the cells are said to exert immunosuppressive properties.

EP 2545928 relates to MSC-containing cell preparations whose immunosuppressive ability is maintained by means of serum-free or low serum culture.

WO 2012/111997 discloses a combination therapy in which MSCs are given with immunoregulatory T cells, to achieve suitable immunosuppression for the MSC-based therapy.

WO 2009/1105624 discloses compositions and methods relating to the co-delivery of a molecule and a polypeptide to cells to improve the therapeutic efficacy of the molecules. Delivery of growth factors is improved by co-delivering these growth factors with their receptors and co-receptors; such as syndecans 1, 2, 3 and 4. Co-delivery of syndecans with growth factors protects the growth factors from proteolysis, enhances their activity, and targets the growth factors to the cell surface to facilitate growth factor signalling.

KR1020100106744 relates to a composition for preventing or treating migratory dermatitis or melanogenesis-associated diseases. The composition for preventing or treating migratory dermatitis contains syndecan-2 as an active ingredient. The migratory dermatitis conditions considered are melanoma, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation or vitiligo.

WO 02/087609 relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing papillomavirus infection in a mammal comprising, a soluble peptide, protein, or fusion protein that binds to papillomavirus particles as a ligand for syndecans having heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains attached.

WO 03/062386 relates to methods and materials related to modulating syndecan levels and angiogenesis in an animal. Syndecan polypeptides and nucleic acids encoding syndecan polypeptides are disclosed. These are used to produce polynucleotides and polynucleotide analogues for modulating angiogenesis. Methods for identifying syndecan- and angiogenesis-modulating agents are also discussed.

Mukhopadhyay, A. et al., J. Trauma Injury Infect. Crit. Care, 2010, vol. 68, pp. 999-1008 concludes that syndecan-2 and FGF-2 may interact with each other, resulting in the shedding of syndecan-2 from cells and which in turn activates events responsible for a keloidic phenotype.

Kaur, C. et al., Glia, 2009, vol. 57, pp. 336-349, examines syndecan-2 expression in the amoeboid microglial cells and notes that this is up-regulated by hypoxia.

Contreras, H. R. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 2001, vol. 286, pp. 742-751, examines syndecan-2 expression in cancer, and notes that syndecan-2 expression is involved in differentiation of certain cells towards a migratory mesenchymal-like phenotype.

Sojoong Choi, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 2012, vol. 417, pp. 1260-1264, examined the role of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) on shedding of syndecan-2 from colon cancer cells. It was observed that MMP-7 directly mediates shedding of syndecan-2 from these cells.

Alexopoulou, A. N. et al., BMC Cell Biol., vol. 9, 2008, doi:10:10.1186/1471-2121-9-2 investigated vectors useful for the long term expression of transgenes during stem cell differentiation towards mesoderm. One of the vectors used encodes syndecan-2.

WO 2011/153458 discloses a method of interfering with dengue infection comprising interfering with dengue virus binding to a syndecan present on a cell targeted by dengue virus. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions relating to this purpose.

Mytilinaiou, M. et al., IUBMB Life, 2013, vol. 65, pp. 134-143 examined the role of syndecan-2 as a regulator of cellular adhesion of fibrosarcoma cells that is mediated by TGFβ2/Smad2.

Kim, Y. et al., Oncogene (2003), vol. 22, pp. 826-830 observed that reduced syndecan-2 expression correlates with trichostatin-A-induced morphological changes and reduced tumorigenic activity in colon carcinoma cells. In addition downregulation of syndecan-2 expression by antisense cDNA mimicked the morphological changes and reduced anchorage-independent growth of colon cancer cells.

Chung, H. et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 287, no. 23, pp. 19326-19335, 2012, found that melanocortin 1 receptor regulates melanoma cell migration by controlling syndecan-2 expression. This is because melanocortin 1 receptor inhibits activation of p38 MAPK, subsequently enhancing syndecan-2 expression and migration in melanoma cells.

Péterfia, B. et al., PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 6, e39474, observed that syndecan-1 enhances malignancy of a mesenchymal tumour cell line, via induction of syndecan-2 expression. Thus, syndecan-1 enhances proliferation, migration and metastasis of human fibrosarcoma cell-line cells in cooperation with syndecan-2.

Ruiz, X. et al., PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8, e43049, describe their findings that syndecan-2 is a novel target of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and that syndecan-2 is over-expressed in fibrosis. The increased SDC2 expression is due, at least in part, to the activity of two pro-fibrotic factors, TGFβ and IGFBP-3.

Dieudonné, F-X et al., Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 2118-2129, describe how syndecan-2 expression is upregulated by doxorubicin in osteosarcoma cells. T-cell factor (TCF) is responsible for inhibition of syndecan-2. Thus, targeted inhibition of TCF activity promotes syndecan-2 expression and sensitization to doxorubicin in osteosarcoma cells and bone tumours in mice.

KR 20120013915 describes a composition for diagnosing colon cancer containing an agent for measuring expression level of syndecan-2 peptide fragments. The agent contains an antibody which is specific to a syndecan-2 peptide fragment.

Huang, X. et al., Oncology Reports 2009, vol. 21, pp. 1123-1129, discusses the prognostic significance of altered expression of syndecan-2 (SDC2) and cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61) in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

A common problem in the art is that there is insufficient immunosuppression for MSC-based products to be used on their own or that the immunosuppressive properties of the MSCs are lost, i.e. not maintained, over time in cell culture passage. It is desirable to retain, stimulate or to be able to recover these properties.

Immunosuppressive regimens can be used to prevent or reduce transplant rejection, and clinically used immunosuppressive regimens typically include a combination of several agents used concurrently. It is desirable to identify alternative immunosuppressive agents and therapies. Similarly, it is desirable to identify agents and therapies that promote angiopoiesis. Further, it is desirable to be able to assay the potency of potential therapeutic products in this field. A proposed assay is based upon soluble TNFR1 but alternative and preferably improved assays are needed.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide alternative agents and therapies that are immuno-modulatory and/or have other therapeutic properties as specified herein. An object of particular embodiments of the invention is to provide agents and therapies for use in rendering a product or composition comprising cells or tissue less immunogenic or more immunosuppressive.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In use of embodiments of the invention it has been shown that increased Syndecan-2 (SDC2) expression and/or activity enhances immunosuppression and/or has other therapeutic properties. Accordingly, the present invention provides SDC2, compositions comprising SDC2, vectors encoding SDC2 and compounds that modulate expression of SDC2 for use in treatment of cells—those cells then being for therapeutic use. These compositions, vectors and compounds per se can be used in therapeutic treatments, especially of humans, e.g. for immunomodulation or for other therapeutic uses as described herein.

The invention also provides methods of treating a population of cells comprising combining the cells with SDC2, treating the cells with an antibody or fragment thereof that binds SDC2 and/or modulating expression or activity of SDC2 by the cell or cells. The cells produced by the methods and also cells and tissue derived from treated cells form other parts of the invention.

Details of the Invention

Embodiments of the invention include compositions that comprise SDC2, methods that use SDC2 and specific uses of SDC2. Suitably this is in soluble form, and in particular embodiments it is human or horse SDC2, though SDC2s generally from mammals are included in the invention, in particular SDC2 from human, mouse, rat, dog, horse, rabbit, sheep, cow and pig.

The compositions can comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or carrier, being suitable for use in medicine. The compositions can include or be formulated as a cell culture medium—e.g. SDC2 in a cell culture medium—being suitable for use in cell culture, e.g. for addition to cells being cultured in preparation of a therapeutic cell-based product. The compositions can be formulated for sustained release and optionally modified to improve half-life, e.g. the SDC2 (or fragment, variant, derivative or analogue) can be PEGylated or PSAylated. The compositions may be formulated for injection, e.g. in water or saline solution for injection. The compositions may be formulated for inhalation, e.g. by nebulisation. The SDC2 can be made in recombinant form or isolated from cells that express or overexpress SDC2. In examples tested, SDC2 has been isolated from a supernatant of cells expressing SDC2 and has been made recombinantly; as noted elsewhere SDC2 may be shed into culture medium and hence can be harvested from cultures of SDC2 expressing cells.

The invention also provides an expression vector encoding SDC2; again preferably human or horse SDC2 though vectors encoding SDC2 generally from the mammals mentioned also form embodiments of the invention. The term “expression vector” denotes a nucleic acid, e.g. DNA or RNA, linear or circular, that comprises a segment encoding SDC2 operably linked to additional segments that provide for its transcription. Such additional segments may include promoter (many are known, suitable examples include CMV and UbC promoters), terminator and UTR sequences, and may optionally include one or more origins of replication, one or more selectable markers, an enhancer, a polyadenylation signal, and the like. Expression vectors are generally derived from plasmid or viral DNA, or may contain elements of both. One suitable vector of the invention, used in an example below, is an adenoviral vector. Other suitable viral vectors include retroviruses, lentiviruses and adeno-associated viruses. Preferred vectors for expression of human SDC2 comprise a coding sequence from SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 (e.g. without the polyA tail), or an allelic variant thereof, or an alternative nucleotide sequence that encodes SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4.

SDC2 can be shed by cells into the culture medium and this ectodomain shedding is a highly regulated direct action of enzymes generally referred to as sheddases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known as the sheddases of syndecans. In particular MMP-7 has been demonstrated to be necessary for SDC2 shedding (Ryu et al., 2007). However a variety of extracellular stimuli including growth factors (Subramanion et al., 1997), chemokines (Li et al., 2002; Brule et al., 2006; Charnaux et al., 2005), heparanase (Yang et al., 2007), and cell stress (Fitzgerald et al., 2000) have also been demonstrated to induce shedding of SDC2.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, described in more detail below, SDC2 shed into culture medium from the surface of human MSCs had immunosuppressive properties when that SDC2-containing medium was used to treat a separate cell population. Hence, the invention provides uses of SDC2 to provide this therapeutic effect, immunosuppression. Cells for therapy, e.g. transplantation, can be treated in this way, e.g. by exposure to SDC2, to reduce their immunogenic properties. An immunosuppressive effect achieved according to the invention may also be used in parallel with other cell based therapies, e.g. to reduce or delay the risk or incidence of adverse immune reactions in a patient. Thus SDC2 and SDC2-containing compositions of the invention, and also the vectors and compounds of the invention, may be administered to a patient in combination with another therapeutic composition, e.g. a cell therapy product, which may be or comprise MSCs and/or stromal stem cells.

Further provided by the invention are compounds that modulate expression of SDC2 by cells for use in treatment of cells. In embodiments of the invention, the compounds increase expression of SDC2. Examples of such compounds include compounds that activate p53, compounds that activate the ERK, p38 or JNK SAPK kinase pathway, compounds that activate the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-mediated pathway, compounds that agonize the TGF, BMP, Lefty, Nodal and Activin pathways, compounds that agonize the NOTCH pathway, for example Jagged1, Jagged2, DLL1, DLL2, DLL3 and Dll4, compounds that agonize the Hedgehog signaling pathway, compounds that agonize the WNT pathway, compounds that activate the Androgen Receptor or Estrogen Receptor pathway and compounds that activate the NFκB pathway. Examples of compounds for use in enhancing SDC2 expression include, p53 modulating chemotherapeutics (e.g. nutlins, 5-FU, doxorubicin, cisplatin, gemcitabine, taxol), HDAC inhibitors, PPAR agonists, DMOG (a hypoxia mimetic), forskolin, colforsin (a water-soluble version of forskolin, a cAMP stimulator), WY4,643 (pirinixic acid, a Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-α (PPARα) agonist), troglitazone (a ligand to both PPARα and PPARγ), splitomicin, Sir2 (a class 3 HDAC inhibitor), trichostatin A (a class ½ HDAC inhibitor), sodium phenylbutyrate (a HDAC inhibitor), valproic acid (a HDAC inhibitor) and SAHA (another HDAC inhibitor). Enhancing expression of SDC2 in a cell therapy product can thus be used to render it immunosuppressive or increase its immunosuppressive properties.

A problem addressed in the present invention is that of providing alternative immunomodulatory and/or other therapeutic interventions. In uses of the invention, the compositions, vectors and compounds may be used for therapeutic treatments.

For example, in one series of embodiments of the invention, the compositions, vectors or compounds are for use in a therapeutic treatment that comprises immunomodulation. Increasing SDC2 amount and/or expression and/or activity promotes immunosuppression; hence, the invention provides therapeutic treatments that comprise immunosuppression.

Compositions of the invention, and also the vectors and compounds of the invention, may be used, alone or in combination therapies such as mentioned herein, to treat diseases of the lung, such as ARDS, COPD and IPF. In tests it is found that stromal cells injected intravenously tend to accumulate up in the lung, showing that delivery to the lung can be achieved. SDC2 can also be nebulised for lung delivery.

Compositions and treatments of the invention that enhance SDC expression and/or activity and also the corresponding vectors and compounds of the invention are suitable in general for any indication that requires or would benefit from immunosuppression; these indications include graft transplants, psoriasis, asthma and indications that have an autoimmune component, such as allergies, colitis, dermatitis and inflammatory disorders in general.

In embodiments, compositions and treatments of the invention and also the vectors and compounds of the invention may be used in combination with anti-inflammatory agents such as anti-TNF antibodies, examples of such antibodies include infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia), and golimumab (Simponi), or with a circulating receptor fusion protein such as etanercept (Enbrel). The invention may be used in combination with anti-CD3 antibodies, examples of such antibodies including muromonab-CD3, otelixizumab, teplizumab and visilizumab. The combination can be used in an immunosuppressive therapy; it can be used for the treatment or prevention of transplant rejection and other inflammatory or autoimmune conditions e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and type 1 diabetes, and for inducing immune tolerance.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, described in more detail below, increased SDC2 on the surface of human MSCs rendered the cells more immunosuppressive compared with control MSCs. Hence, the invention provides increased cellular expression or activity or amount of SDC2 to provide this therapeutic effect. Cells for transplantation can be treated in this way to reduce their immunogenic properties. An immunosuppressive effect achieved according to the invention may also be used in parallel with other cell based therapies, e.g. to reduce or delay the risk or incidence of adverse immune reactions in a patient. The treated cells of the invention may be administered to a patient in combination with another therapeutic composition, e.g. a cell therapy product, which may be or comprise MSCs and/or stromal stem cells.

Cells of the invention may be administered prior to at the same time or after the other therapeutic product. Cells of the invention may be administered in advance to assist in tolerizing the immune system of a patient to subsequent administration of a cell therapy product, e.g. transplant.

Compositions of the invention, and also the vectors and compounds of the invention, and also compositions, uses, methods and treatments of the invention that enhance SDC expression and/or activity, may be used to treat cancer. Cancers in general may be treated using the invention, specifically including hepatocellular carcinoma, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, fibrosarcoma, medullablastoma, and astrocytoma.

In embodiments of the invention the cancer to be treated is a solid tumour. Further, embodiments of the invention comprise targeting the treatment to the cancer stroma—advantageously focussing the therapy on the cancer stroma, believed essential to support cancer maintenance and growth.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, described in more detail below, SDC2 demonstrated an anti-cancer effect with respect to each of pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer and colon cancer.

Compositions of the invention, and also the vectors and compounds of the invention, and also compositions, uses, methods and treatments of the invention that enhance SDC expression and/or activity, may be used to treat inflammation and/or inflammatory disease. Hence, an anti-inflammatory effect may be achieved using the invention.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, described in more detail below, SDC2 demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect in an assay.

Compositions of the invention, and also the vectors and compounds of the invention, and also compositions, uses, methods and treatments of the invention that enhance SDC expression and/or activity, may be used for wound healing or bone healing, or to promote wound healing or bone healing.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, described in more detail below, cells expressing SDC2 significantly enhanced wound healing in a model. By analogy with other data herein, this supports analogous activity of SDC2 in wound healing, including diabetic wound healing and bone fracture healing

Compositions of the invention, and also the vectors and compounds of the invention, and also compositions, uses, methods and treatments of the invention that enhance SDC expression and/or activity, may be used to treat various equine conditions, including laminitis, tendon injuries and exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH)—also known as “bleeding” or a “bleeding attack”.

Also provided by the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for treating a disease or disorder in an animal, in particular a mammal and for example a human or horse. The pharmaceutical composition suitably comprises a compound, composition or vector of the invention in an amount effective to treat the disease or disorder in the animal. The active agent of the invention may thus be administered with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier. For example, the active agent may be administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid medium for injection. Examples of liquid medium are saline, phosphate buffered saline, optionally also containing additional materials such as dimethylsufoxide (DMSO) and human serum albumin. Method of administering therapeutic proteins and peptides are known in the art. A method of treatment of an animal, preferably a human, is provided, comprising administering to the animal an active agent of the invention.

Pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are useful for medical and veterinary applications and may be administered to an individual alone, or in combination with other supplementary active ingredients, agents, drugs or hormones. The compositions may optionally include a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier including a pharmacologically acceptable vehicle, stabilizer, diluent, additive, auxiliary or excipient. Useful pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, without limitation, aqueous media such as, e.g., water, saline, glycine, hyaluronic acid and the like; solid carriers such as, e.g., mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like; solvents; dispersion media; coatings; antibacterial and antifungal agents; isotonic and absorption delaying agents; or any other inactive ingredient. Selection of a pharmacologically acceptable carrier can depend on the mode of administration. Except insofar as any pharmacologically acceptable carrier is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in pharmaceutically acceptable compositions is contemplated. Non-limiting examples of specific uses of such pharmaceutical carriers can be found in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (Howard C. Ansel et al., eds., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 7th ed. 1999); REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY (Alfonso R. Gennaro ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 20th ed. 2000); Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Joel G. Hardman et al., eds., McGraw-Hill Professional, 10th ed. 2001); and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (Raymond C. Rowe et al., APhA Publications, 4th edition 2003).

A pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can optionally include other pharmaceutically acceptable components including, without limitation, buffers, preservatives, tonicity adjusters, salts, antioxidants, osmolality adjusting agents, physiological substances, pharmacological substances, bulking agents, emulsifying agents, wetting agents, sweetening or flavoring agents, and the like. Various buffers and means for adjusting pH can be used to prepare a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, provided that the resulting preparation is pharmaceutically acceptable.

Various routes of administration can be useful for administering a therapeutic compound disclosed herein. As such, topical, enteral or parenteral routes of administration may be suitable and such routes include both local and systemic delivery of a therapeutic compound or composition disclosed herein. Compositions are intended for inhaled, topical, intranasal, sublingual, injection, infusion, instillation, rectal and/or vaginal use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions.

Separately or in conjunction with the above, increasing SDC2 amount and/or expression and/or activity promotes angiogenesis; hence such embodiments of the invention provide therapeutic treatment that comprise or promote angiogenesis.

Methods of treating a population of cells are provided by the invention, comprising combining the cells with SDC2. This can be achieved by combining the cells with (i) cells that express SDC2, or (ii) a composition or a compound according to other embodiments of the invention. In vitro and ex vivo treatments are included.

In other embodiments, the invention may be adapted to reduce SDC2 amount and/or expression and/or activity, to provide therapeutic treatments that comprise immunoactivation and/or immunostimulation.

The cells to be treated may be stem cells, e.g. stromal stem cells or MSCs, and are suitably mammalian cells, preferably human, mouse, rat, dog, horse, rabbit, sheep, cow or pig and especially horse and human cells.

The invention additionally provides methods of treating a population of cells, comprising modulating expression or activity of SDC2 by a cell or cells in the population. Again, in vitro and ex vivo treatments are included. The modulating expression or activity of SDC2 may modulate the immunosuppressive properties of the cells. It may increase the expression of SDC2 so as to increase another immunosuppressive property of the cells. It may increase the expression of SDC2 so as to increase another therapeutic property of the cells.

To treat cells, the cells may be treated with a compound that promotes expression of SDC2; examples are given elsewhere herein. The cells may be transfected with a vector that encodes SDC2.

The cells may be treated so as to increase their exogenous SDC2 expression, for example by exposure to culture or environmental conditions that increase SDC2 expression. A number of strategies may be used to stimulate SDC2 expression, especially in stem cells, including stromal stem cells and MSCs. These include p53 activation by specific biological factors, compounds or stresses; compounds, biological factors and stresses that activate the ERK, p38 or JNK SAPK kinase pathway; biological factors, compounds or stresses that activate the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-mediated pathway; biological factors, compounds or stresses that agonize the TGF, BMP, Lefty, Nodal and Activin pathways; biological factors, compounds or stresses that agonize the NOTCH pathway including Jagged1, Jagged2, DLL1, DLL2, DLL3, Dll14; biological factors, compounds or stresses that agonize the Hedgehog signaling pathway; biological factors, compounds or stresses that agonize the WNT pathway; biological factors, compounds or stresses that activate the Androgen Receptor or Estrogen Receptor pathway; and biological factors, compounds or stresses that activate the NFκB pathway.

In embodiments of the invention, SDC2 expression has been increased by direct or indirect activation of p53, a tumour suppressor protein. Without wishing to be bound by theory this may be due to the presence of a “putative” p53-binding site in the promoter of the SDC2 gene (e.g. on the human gene). That activation may be achieved in a number of ways, some known to the skilled person, e.g. HDAC inhibition, growth arrest, starvation, toxin exposure and/or chemotherapeutics.

Serum starvation (SS) and growth arrest (confluence) both stimulated SDC2 expression. Both SS and growth arrest are known p53 stimuli.

HDAC inhibitors and sirtuins may be used to increase SDC2 expression. In use of the invention, splitomicin, valproic Acid and 2-pyrrolidinone-n-butyric acid (PBA) all increased SDC2 RNA levels at 24 hrs, with robust stimulation by splitomicin, a Class III HDAC inhibitor. The sirtuin family of HDACs, including SIRT1 and SIRT2, may be used to increase SDC2 expression. The sirtuins are NAD-dependant HDACs and are reported to deacetylate p53 protein—acetylation of p53 is reported to be important for its transactivation I transcription activity. Thus sirtuins are key regulators of p53 activity. Examples of sirtuins include nicotinamide, sirtinol, EX-527 and tenovins. In other testing of the invention, the solvent DMSO also increased SDC2 RNA levels. DMSO is also reported to contain HDAC inhibitor (p53 activation) capacity.

Inducing or causing hypoxia in the cells can be used to increase SDC2 expression; in another series of tests, the hypoxia mimetic DMOG (Dimethyloxaloylglycine) produced a very robust increase in SDC2 RNA. DMOG is a hypoxia mimetic, and other hypoxia mimetics for use in the invention include cobalt chloride, EDHB and desferrioxamine. Hypoxia is reported to stimulate p53 (via ATR/CHK1 kinases).

Toxins can be used to increase SDC2 expression, e.g. the environmental toxin benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE). Other p53 activators for use in the invention include use of gamma-irradiation, MDM2 inhibitors (nutilins) and chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin and gemcitabine.

Embodiments of the invention hence include treatment of cells to activate p53 in order to increase SDC2 expression and/or shedding.

The cells to be treated are suitably mammalian cells, preferably human, mouse, rat, dog, horse, rabbit, sheep, cow or pig and especially horse and human cells. Prior to treatment, expression of SDC2 by the cells may be low or absent, so the treatment provides SDC2 levels previously unseen on those cells. The expression levels prior to treatment may alternatively have been initially high but reduced over time and the treatment is to restore previous SDC2 expression levels, e.g. to restore immunosuppressive and/or other therapeutic properties that have been lost over time from cells or tissue.

Modulating the expression or activity of SDC2 may decrease the amount and/or activity and/or expression of SDC2 so as to decrease an immunosuppressive property of the cells. It may decrease the amount and/or activity and/or expression of SDC2 so as to decrease an angiopoietic property of the cells. Further embodiments of the invention provide methods comprising treating cells so as to induce immunostimulation and/or immunoactivation. Cells can be treated to ablate the native SDC2 expression; for example an antisense therapy or other therapy may be used to knock-out or knock-down SDC expression.

All methods of the invention further comprise deriving progeny cells or tissue from the treated cells; and the invention extends also to the cells or tissue obtained from those methods.

Levels of SDC2, both on cells and in cell medium, are thus linked, in embodiments of the invention, with immunomodulatory and/or other therapeutic properties. Still further provided by the present invention is a method of testing a cell therapy product, which may comprise cells and/or tissue, comprising testing for SDC2. This can be achieved using an assay based on binding to an antibody to SDC2, preferably a SDC2-specific antibody. Existing SDC2 ELISA methods are suitable. SDC2 can be measured on the cell surface or in the medium or both. SDC2 levels may be compared with a predetermined standard, elevated levels indicating presence of immunosuppressive and/or other therapeutic properties and reduced levels indicating absence thereof.

In an embodiment of the invention there is provided an assay for potency of a therapeutic product comprising cells, comprising assaying the cells for expression of SDC2 or assaying the product (e.g. the solution) for presence of SDC2. Another embodiment of the invention lies in use of SCD2 levels in an assay for potency of a cell therapy product.

Generally in use of the testing/assay methods of the invention, an ELISA can be employed to monitor SDC2 shedding and therefore efficacy of a particular batch of human MSCs.

Cells or products that fail the test/assay may be discarded or treated to increase their SDC2 expression. Assay of SDC2 can be used prior to deciding whether to treat cells or tissue according to other methods of the invention.

An assay protocol of the invention comprises:

-   -   1. assay SDC2 levels in the potential product;     -   2. compare this level with a predetermined minimum for an         acceptable therapeutic product;         -   a. if the level is at or above the minimum, the potential             product is accepted;         -   b. if the level is below the minimum, the product is not             accepted;     -   3. optionally, next compare the level with a predetermined         maximum for an unacceptable therapeutic product;         -   a. if the level is below the maximum then the product is             rejected;         -   b. if the level is intermediate between the minimum for an             acceptable therapeutic product and the maximum for an             unacceptable therapeutic product then the potential product             can be treated to try to increase its SDC2 level, and the             assay then repeated.

The cut off SDC2 levels for the assay, the predetermined minimum and maximum levels mentioned, may vary according to other testing, the cells used, the nature of the therapy and other factors. The predetermined minimum level for a therapeutic product may be a SDC2 level of around 1200 pg/ml, 1300 pg/ml, 1400 pg/ml, 1500 pg/ml or a higher value. The predetermined maximum level for an unacceptable preparation may be around 200 pg/ml, 300 pg/ml, 400 pg/ml, 500 pg/ml or 600 pg/ml; it may be higher or lower than these stated values, though will generally be significantly lower than the minimum for an acceptable product. Alternatively, any preparations below the predetermined minimum for an acceptable therapeutic product may be regarded as unacceptable but suitable for treatment to try to raise the SDC2 level to an acceptable level.

In a specific example of the invention, described in more detail below, a poor MSC donor cell preparation failed the SDC2 assay whereas acceptable donors did not.

Hence, the invention provides a “batch release” or quality control potency assay for stem cell and other cell therapy patches or products to be checked before use, dispatch, etc.

Syndecan-2 (SDC2), also called Fibroglycan and now CD362, is a transmembrane (type I) heparan sulfate proteoglycan and is a member of the syndecan proteoglycan family. References herein to SDC2 refer generally to SDC2 of all species, including orthologues thereof, preferably human, mouse, rat, dog, horse, rabbit, sheep, cow and pig, especially horse and more preferably human.

The invention relates further to antibodies to SDC2, methods of treatment that use an antibody to SDC2, uses of an antibody to SDC2 and pharmaceutical compositions comprising an antibody to SDC2. An anti-Syndecan 2 antibody, orb13481, reactive with at least human, mouse and rat is available from Biorbyt Ltd. (12 Pembroke Avenue, Denny Industrial Centre, Waterbeach, Cambridge, CB25 9QR, UK). A further SDC2 antibody, catalog number: MAB29651 (Clone 305507) is available from R&D Systems, Inc, reactive with human, mouse, rat, equine, rabbit and pig. Antibodies to SDC2 fragments as disclosed herein are also embraced within the term anti-SDC2 antibody.

Data from examples of the use of SDC2 demonstrate the role of SDC2 as a dominant negative inhibitor of the activity of native SDC2. Hence, the invention provides therapeutic uses of a SDC2 antagonist, such as SDC2 or an antibody to SDC2, that correspond to the uses of SDC2 disclosed herein and of SDC2 positive cells disclosed in WO 2013/117761. The invention accordingly provides an antagonist to SDC2 (e.g. an antibody) for use in immunosuppression, treatment of inflammation, treatment of cancer and for wound/bone healing.

The invention accordingly further provides an antibody to SDC2 for use as a tumor suppressor. An antibody to SDC2 may be used for treatment of lung diseases including acute lung injury (ALI); acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); chronic obstructive pulmonary disosorder (COPD); and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). An antibody to SDC2 may be used to treat sepsis and sepsis-induced multiorgan failure, bone marrow transplant (BMT) or haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) rejection; solid organ transplant (SOT) rejection (including liver, kidney, skin, cornea, heart, lung); acute toxin-induced liver failure; autoimmune hepatitis; primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC); osteonecrosis; degenerative disc disease; rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis and delayed bone healing in diabetic patients; autoimmune nephritis including Wegener's granulomatosis (WG); burns, severe burns; muscle wasting conditions and atrophic syndromes including sarcopenia; cachexia and other muscle wasting conditions including the muscular dystrophies (Duchenne and Becker); congestive heart failure, acute myocardial infarction and stroke; type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes; diabetic retinopathy and other retinopathies; diabetic nephropathy and other nephropathies; diabetic neuropathy and other neuropathies; non-healing diabetic ulcers; diabetic cardiomyopathy and other myopathies; athersclerosis; peripheral artery disease and critical limb ischemia; uveitis; (wet or dry) acute macular degeneration (AMD); retinal and corneal damage; autoimmune conditions such as autoimmune gastritis (AIG); graft-versus-host disease (GvHD); multiple sclerosis and demyelinating diseases; thyroid disease; inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitiis and fistulising crohns disease; scleroderma; lupus (SLE); Graves' disease; and autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease (ALPS).

An antibody to SDC2 may also be used to treat various equine conditions, including laminitis, tendon injuries and exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH)—also known as “bleeding” or a “bleeding attack”.

Antibodies useful in the invention include antibodies comprising the properties of binding to SDC2 and also binding to a second target. These antibodies may thus comprise a second binding domain that binds to another antigen, e.g. a cell surface antigen, and include bispecific antibodies as known generally in the art.

The term “antibody” comprises derivatives or functional fragments thereof which still retain the binding specificity. Techniques for the production of antibodies are well known in the art and described, e.g. in Harlow and Lane “Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988 and Harlow and Lane “Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual” Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999. The term “antibody” also comprises immunoglobulins (Ig(s)) of different classes (i.e. IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD and IgE) and subclasses (such as IgG1, IgG2 etc.).

The term “antibody” also includes embodiments such as chimeric, single chain and humanized antibodies, as well as antibody fragments, like, inter alia, Fab fragments. Antibody fragments or derivatives further comprise F(ab′)2, Fv, scFv fragments or single domain antibodies, single variable domain antibodies or immunoglobulin single variable domain comprising merely one variable domain, which might be VH or VL, that specifically bind an antigen or epitope independently of other V regions or domains. Such immunoglobulin single variable domains encompass not only an isolated antibody single variable domain polypeptide, but also larger polypeptides that comprise one or more monomers of an antibody single variable domain polypeptide sequence.

Reference to human SDC2 may further embrace polypeptides consisting of or comprising:

(a) an amino acid sequence as set out in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4; (b) naturally occurring variants of (a); (c) orthologues of (a) or (b), (d) biologically active and diagnostically or therapeutically useful fragments, analogues, variants and derivatives thereof, (e) extracellular domains of (a)-(d), and (f) dimers and oligomers of all the above.

The SDC2 polypeptides of the present invention may be recombinant polypeptide, natural polypeptide or synthetic polypeptide, preferably natural or recombinant polypeptide. The terms “fragment”, “derivative”, “variant” and “analogue” refer to a polypeptide which retains essentially the same biological function or activity as SDC2, and may be (i) one in which one or more of the amino acid residues are substituted with a conserved or non-conserved amino acid residue (preferably a conserved amino acid residue), or (ii) one in which one or more of the amino acid residues includes a substituent group, or (iii) one in which the mature polypeptide is fused with another compound, such as but not limited to a compound to increase the half-life of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol or polysialic acid), or (iv) one in which additional amino acids are fused to the mature polypeptide, for example but not limited to for facilitation of purification of the mature polypeptide.

The polypeptides of the present invention additionally include the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 3 and 4 (in particular the mature polypeptide) as well as polypeptides which have at least 60% similarity (preferably at least 60% identity) to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4, preferably at least 80% similarity (more preferably at least 80% identity) and more preferably at least 90% similarity (more preferably at least 90% identity) to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4 and still more preferably at least 95% similarity (still more preferably at least 95% identity) to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4 and also include portions of such polypeptides with such portions of the polypeptide generally containing at least 100 amino acids, preferably containing at least 120 and more preferably at least 140 amino acids. “Similarity” between two polypeptides is determined by comparing the amino acid sequence and its conserved amino acid substitutes of one polypeptide to the sequence of a second polypeptide. Various different approaches are known for the calculation of sequence similarity and identity. Generally, a suitable way to perform these calculations is to run database searches using a program such as Smith-Waterman, BLAST or FASTA, and use one or preferably two or even three similarity tables. The Blosum and PAM (Point Accepted Mutation) matrices are suitable amino acids similarity matrices for database searching and sequence alignment. If Smith-Waterman or FASTA is used then it is relevant to ensure the open gap penalty is large enough, and if the initial runs do not uncover any homologous sequences it can be appropriate to try a different algorithm—this is particularly true if you started with one of the heuristic algorithms, BLAST or FASTA.

In specific embodiments of the invention described in more detail in an example below, fragments of SDC2 have been made and tested for activity with respect to native, i.e. intact human SDC2. Active fragments were identified. Accordingly the invention also provides fragments of SDC2 that retain SDC2 activity—which indicates as elsewhere herein that the fragment will illustrate the characteristic activity of human SDC2 (though not necessarily with identical potency) in the assay of Example 2 or in the assay of Example 9 (i.e. producing a dose-dependent suppression of NFκB activation by TNFα or IL1β). Active fragments retain SDC2 activity and may exceed the activity of native SDC2; the fragments preferably retain at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 70% or at least 80% of the activity of native SDC2.

The invention hence includes and provides polypeptide comprising or consisting of a fragment of SDC2, wherein the polypeptide has SDC2 activity. The fragment suitably comprises up to 150, up to 120, up to 100 or up to 80 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 3. Further, fragments of the invention separately may include the signal sequence of SDC2, namely amino acids 1-18 of SEQ ID NO: 3. The fragments are suitably at least 30, at least 40, at least 50 or at least 60 amino acids in length. Uses of the fragments, compositions comprising the fragments and methods of treatment using the fragments are as for the intact SDC2. The fragments constitute embodiments of SDC2.

Preferably, the term SDC2 refers to native (“intact”) SDC2, to active fragments of SDC2, to active variants of SDC2 and to SDC2-type surface proteins that are recognized by antibodies to SDC2, preferably by SDC2-specific antibodies; preferably references to SDC2 refer to native SDC2 and active fragments thereof, more preferably to native SDC2. An SDC2 antibody is found as catalog number: MAB29651 (Clone 305507), available from R&D Systems, Inc, reactive with human, mouse, rat, equine, rabbit and pig. Human SDC2 according to the present invention tests positive in an assay for immunosuppression as per Examples 2 or 9 herein and more preferably binds to the SDC2 antibody.

Still further provided by the invention is an antibody to the polypeptide comprising or consisting of the fragment of SDC2. Such antibodies are suitable for use in human therapy, especially for use in (i) immunosuppression, (ii) treatment of inflammation, (iii) treatment of cancer, (iv) wound healing or (v) bone healing. Such antibodies are also suitable in therapies as described herein for antibodies to intact SDC2.

Sequences SEQ ID NO: 1-SDC2 human mRNA    1 gcccggagaa gcaggctcag gagggaggga gccagaggaa aagaagagga ggagaaggag   61 gaggacccgg ggagggaggc gcggcgcggg aggaggaggg gcgcagccgc ggagccagtg  121 gccccgcttg gacgcgctgc tctccagata cccccggagc tccagccgcg cggatcgcgc  181 gctcccgccg ctotgccoct aaacttctgc cgtagctocc tttcaagcca gcgaatttat  241 tccttaaaac cagaaactga acctcggcac gggaaaggag tccgcggagg agcaaaacca  301 caggagagca agaagagctt cagagagcag ccttcccgga gcaccaactc cgtgtcggga  361 gtgcagaaac caacaagtga gagggcgccq cgttccoggg gcgcagctgc gggcggcggg  421 agcaggcgca ggaggaggaa gcgagcgccc ccgagccccg agcccgagtc cccgagcctg  481 agccgcaatc gctgcggtac tctgctccgg atLcgtgtgc gcgggctgcg ccgagcgctg  541 ggcaggaggc ttcgttttgc cctggttgca agcagcggct gggagcagcc ggtccctggg  601 gaatatgcgq cgcgcgtqqa tcctqctcac cttgggcttg gtggcctgcg tgtcggcgga  661 gtcgagagca gagctgacat ctgataaaga catgtacctt gacaacagct ccattgaaga  721 agcttcagga gtgtatccta ttgatgacga tgactacgct tctgcgtctg gctcgggagc  781 tgatgaggat gtagagagtc cagagctgac aacatctcga ccacttccaa agatactgtt  841 gactagtgct gctccaaaag tqqaaaccac gacgctgaat atacagaaca agatacctgc  901 tcagacaaag tcacctgaag aaactgataa agagaaagtt cacctctctg actcagaaag  961 gaaaatggac ccagccgaag aggatacaaa tgtgLatact gagaaacact cagacagtct 1021 gtttaaacgg acagaagtcc tagcagctgt cattgctggt ggagttattg gctttctctt 1081 tgcaattttt cttatcctgc tgttggtgta tcgcatgaga aagaaggatg aaggaagcta 1141 tgaccttgga gaacgcaaac catccagtgc tgcttatcag aaggcaccta ctaaggagtt 1201 ttatgcgtaa aactccaact tagtgtctct atttatgaga tcactgaact tttcaaaata 1261 aagcttttgc atagaataat gaagatcttt gttttttgtt ttcattaaag agccattctg 1321 gcactttaat gataaaatcc cattgtattt aaaacatttc atgtatttct ttagaacaac 1381 ataaaattaa aatttaacat ctgcagtgtt ctgtgaatag cagtggcaaa atattatgtt 1441 atgaaaaccc tcgatgttca tggaattggt ttaaactttt atgcgcaaat acaaaatgat 1501 tgtctttttc ctatgactca aagatgaaag ctgtttcatt tgtgtcagca tgtctcagat 1561 tgaccttacc aagttggtct tactttgtta atttatctgt tgtocccttc ctctcctctg 1621 ccctcccttc ttgtgccctt aaaaccaaac cctatgcctt ttgtagctgt catggtgcaa 1681 tttgtctttg gaaaattcag ataatggtaa tttagtgtat atgtgatttt caaaLaLgta 1741 aacULaact tccactttgt ataaattttt aagtgtcaga ctatccattt tacacttgct 1801 ttatttttca ttacctgtag ctttgggcag atttgcaaca gcaaattaat gtgtaaaatt 1861 ggattattac tacaaaaccg tttagtcata tctatctaat cagatcttct tttgggagga 1921 tttgatgtaa gttactgaca agcctcagca aacccaaaga tgttaacagt attttaagaa 1981 gttgctgcag attcctttgg ccactgtatt tgttaatttc ttgcaatttg aaggtacgag 2041 tagaggttta aagaaaaatc agtttttgtt cttaaaaatg catttaagtt gtaaacgtct 2101 ttttaagcct ttgaagtgcc tctgattcta tgtaacttgt tgcagactgg tgttaatgag 2161 tatatgtaac agtttaaaaa aaaagttggt attttataag cacagacaat tctaatggta 2221 acttttgtag tcttatgaat agacataaat tgtaaLttgg gaacataaaa actactgaat 2281 aaatcatgtg gcctaatatt gaaaatgtca ctgttataaa ttttgtacat ttttgatcaa 2341 atgtacatct cccctttgct aacggccgtc tgctctcaag gatgacgtgg gtttgatttc 2401 taagtgtttc acagtgtctg taaatcaaga ccaaagagcc tgtcgatgag actgtttatt 2461 accagattca cttctgaatt ggccagagga aatctgaatg tattatcctg LgtgLgtcta 2521 ggtagagata ttggaaggct gccaggggat ttcgaagttt gcaaccttta taggataact 2581 gatggcaata ttaagacaga cgcctgcttt tgcaaataac ttacaagact gtaaattcca 2641 aagatctgaa tggggctttc ctgatgttgg tatctaaggc ttaggcctat agattgattt 2701 acctttggaa ttgtgctcca aatgtctact gaagcttaac cgaagaacta ataaatggac 2761 tacagtagct cacgttacag ggaaggaggg taggcaggga ggctctgtgt gttaaaatga 2821 gggtctcact gctttaggat tgaagtggct ggaaagagtg atgcctgggg aaggagatgg 2881 agttatgagg gtactgtggc tggtactttc tgtactaaac atttcctttt tctattttac 2941 cactaatttt gttttaaact gtgagccgtc caagtcagaa gaagacagca aaaaaagcaa 3001 cttttccaac atacaattta cttttaataa agtatgaata tttcaLtttg agaacattcc 3061 ctggaattgc cacataattc attaaaaaca tttttttaag caacacttgg aacagtgttt 3121 actttaaatc cttaatggcc ttaattaatt ctcaqattcc tgocccatca cttacagaac 3181 caattcactt tagagtgact aaaaggaaac gatagcctag ctttctaaag ccacgctgtg 3241 tccctcaatt acagagggta ggaatgggta tacctctaac tgtgcaaagc agagtgaaat 3301 tcaattcata gaataacaac tgctgggaat atccgtgcca ggaaaagaaa aatttctggc 3361 aaatattttg tcactgctgt aaagcaaaat atttgtgaaa gtgccaaaat aaagtctgtc 3421 atgccaaaag taaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 3481 aaaaaaaaaa a SEQ ID NO: 2-nucleotides 605-1210 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (encoding SEQ ID NO: 3) SEQ ID NO: 3-SDC2 human protein   1 mrrawilitl glvacvsaes raeltsdkdm yldnssieea sgvypidddd yasasgsgad  61 edvespeltt srplpkillt saapkvettt lniqnkipaq tkspeetdke kvhlsdserk 121 mdpaeedtnv ytekhsdslf krtevlaavi aggvigflfa iflilllvyr mrkkdegsyd 181 lgerkpssaa yqkaptkefy a SEQ ID NO: 4-amino acids 19-201 of SEQ ID NO: 3 (the mature protein)

The invention is now described in the following examples, illustrated by the accompanying drawings in which:—

FIG. 1 shows detection of shed SDC2 in the supernatant of Ad.SDC2 expressing MSCs using ELISA;

FIG. 2 shows overexpression of Ad.SDC2 results in overexpression of SDC2 protein, which increases over 72 h;

FIG. 3 shows Ad.SDC2 MSCs (“S2”) had significantly increased immunosuppressive activity compared to parental MSCs;

FIG. 4 shows analysis of cell culture supernatant containing SDC2 (“S2”) for effect on T cell proliferation;

FIG. 5 shows SDC2 protein suppresses NFκB activation by TNFα and Up;

FIG. 6 shows NFκB induction in response to recombinant SDC2 and activation by TNFα and IL1β;

FIG. 7 shows NFκB induction in response to overexpression of SDC2 following activation by TNFα and IL1β;

FIG. 8 shows nutlin-3a treatment of MSCs causes a dose-dependent increase in SDC2 shedding;

FIG. 9 shows chemotherapeutics enhance SDC2 shedding from human MSCs;

FIG. 10 shows over-expression of SDC-2 C-terminal deletion fragments (1-6) attenuates NF-κB activity in response to IL-1β or TNF-α; and

FIG. 11 shows adenoviral expression of SDC-2 attenuates NF-κB activity and IL6/IL8 secretion in response to IL-1β, TNFα and IL-1β/TNFα.

EXAMPLE 1—IMMUNOSUPPRESSION BY ENHANCED SDC2 EXPRESSION Methods Transduction of MSCs

MSCs were plated at a density of 10⁵ cells per well of a 6-well plate (Nunc) in complete media (α-MEM, 10% FBS) and left to adhere overnight. Cells were left untransduced as a negative control or transduced with 1 μl adenovirus (AD5 family) encoding human SDC2 (at 10¹² vp/ml) and plates were spun at 800×g for 90 min at 37° C. The virus was left on the cells for approx. 4 hours and then washed off and replaced with serum-free media (1 ml/well).

Western Blot Analysis

Cells were harvested by trypsinisation and lysed in cell lysis buffer containing 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 10% glycerol, 0.5% NP40, 150 mM NaCl and complete Mini Protease inhibitors (Roche). Cell lysates were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE; 50 μg protein was loaded per track. Protein detection was performed by diluting anti-human Syndecan-2 Ab (R&D systems) 1:500 in TBS 0.1% Tween, 3% BSA. The secondary anti-Rat IgG antibody conjugated to horse-radish-peroxidase (Santa Cruz) was added at a dilution of 1:1000. Detection was then performed using ECL Western blot chemiluminescence reagent (Pierce) and a Flourochem imaging system.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

The levels of human Syndecan-2 were measured in supernatants collected from hMSCs using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Commercially available ELISA assays were used to measure the levels of SDC2 (CUSABIO). The assay was conducted as per the manufacturer's instructions. Calibration curves were prepared using purified standards for SDC2. Curve fitting was accomplished by sigmoidal logistic regression following manufacturer's instructions.

Isolation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

To isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), anti-coagulated blood samples were collected (7-8 ml), layered onto liquid density gradient medium (GE Healthcare) and centrifuged at room temperature for 30 min at 400×g. The top layer was aspirated and discarded and PBMCs were harvested by careful pipetting of the corresponding density interface layer (buffy coat) and transferred to a fresh 50 ml tube. The PBMCs were washed twice by adding 20 ml of PBS and centrifuged for 10 min at 400×g. This was followed by one low-speed centrifugation at 200×g for 10 min to remove platelets. The PBMCs were resuspended in T-cell culture medium (RPMI-1640, Gibco) containing 10% FBS, 50 μM β mercaptoethanol, 1% NEAA, 1% L-glutamine in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium. A 10 μl aliquot of this suspension was removed and cell number determined using a haemocytometer.

Human T-Cell Proliferation Assay

Human PBMCS were washed with 0.1% BSA/PBS and stained in pre-warmed (37° C.) 10 μM Vybrant carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE)/PBS staining solution (Invitrogen) at a concentration of 2×10⁷ cells/ml. Cells were incubated for 6 min at 37° C. protected from light and the reaction was stopped by adding 5 volumes of ice-cold medium containing 10% FBS. The PBMCs were washed three times with culture medium to remove all traces of unbound CFSE. One hundred thousand CFSE stained PBMCs were stimulated in 96-well round-bottomed plates with anti-human CD3/anti-human CD28 soluble polyclonal antibodies in T-cell medium. Various ratios of MSCs were then added to the stimulated PBMCs (1:10, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, and 1:400). Unstimulated PBMCs were also cultured as controls. PBMCs were harvested after 4 days, after which the supernatant was removed and cells were washed in 100 μl autoMACS rinsing solution containing 2% FBS. This was followed by counterstaining with anti-human CD4+-APC. CFSE fluorescence of PBMCs was analyzed using a FACSCanto. All proliferation was analyzed and compared to stimulated PBMCs in the absence of MSC co-culture.

Results

Shed SDC2 from Supernatant of Ad.SDC2

Overexpressing MSCs is Detectable by SDC2 ELISA

24 h post-transduction with Ad.EGFP or Ad.SDC2, the medium was aspirated off and replaced with serum-free medium and collected 24, 48 and 72 h later. This supernatant was used for the SDC2 ELISA including fresh serum-free medium as a control.

Syndecans undergo regulated cleavage, usually near the plasma membrane, in a process known as shedding. Release of the syndecan extracellular domains may not only downregulate signal transduction but also convert membrane-bound receptors into soluble effectors/or antagonists (Manon-Jensen et al., 2010).

By employing a human specific SDC2 ELISA technique we were able to detect and quantify SDC2 protein shed by huMSCs. We determined shed SDC2 protein levels in culture medium of both Ad.EGFP and Ad.SDC2 expressing MSCs. SDC2 was detected in the culture medium of Ad.EGFP cells after 48 h (346.4 pg/ml) and this increased to 689.2 pg/ml after 72 h. The SDC2-overexpressing cells exhibited elevated levels of shed SDC2 in the culture medium at 48 h (456 pg/ml), which was approx double the Ad.EGFP at 72 h (1412.7 pg/ml) (see FIG. 1).

Referring to FIG. 1, 24 h post-transduction, complete medium was exchanged for serum-free (1 ml/well). Serum free supernatants were collected 48 h and 72 h later. A commercially available SDC2 ELISA kit was used to detect shed SDC2 present in the supernatants. The Ad.SDC2 supernatants exhibited increased shed SDC2 amounts (˜2 fold) when compared to Ad.EGFP expressing cells.

Next the SDC2 protein expression was tested to ensure serum-free medium did not affect overexpresssion.

Ad. SDC2 Overexpression Resulted

In High Levels of SDC2 Protein Expression

HuMSCs were seeded at a density of 1×10⁵ cells/well of a 6-well plate & left to adhere for 24 h. HuMSCs were then transduced with either Ad.EGFP or Ad.S2 (1×10¹² vp/ml). 24 h post-transduction the complete medium was exchanged for serum-free medium. Protein lysates were harvested 24, 48 and 72 h later. These lysates were subjected to Western blotting for SDC2 (R&D) and it was found that SDC2 protein expression was significantly increased. We observed an increase in SDC2 bands corresponding to the molecular weight of the core protein (˜25 kDa), and the dimerised form (˜48 kDa) (see FIG. 2).

Immunosuppressive Potential was

Increased with the Overexpression of SDC2

Having confirmed that SDC2 protein expression was increased following Ad.SDC2 transduction, and also that the soluble form of SDC2 shed from the cell surface was also increased we investigated the effect, if any, that SDC2 overexpression would have on the immunosuppressive potential of huMSCs.

The immunosuppressive potential of Parent, Ad.EGFP and Ad.SDC2 hMSC cells was assessed using T-cell proliferation assays. Proliferation of the T-cell (CD4+) fraction of PBMCs was measured by flow cytometric analysis of CFSE expression. CFSE is a fluorescent cell staining dye used to assess cell proliferation by which its fluorescence is progressively halved with daughter cells following each cell division. Immunosuppression of the stimulated T-cells due to the presence of MSCs results in inhibition of proliferation. This was significantly reduced in the presence of Ad.SDC2 overexpressing MSCs. Results were displayed as the percentage proliferation over 3 generations. At 1:200 MSC:PBMC ratio, Ad.SDC2 MSCs showed significant T-cell immunosuppressive potential compared to the stimulated T-cell positive control (similar results were obtained using 1:10, 1:50, and 1:100 ratios). Ad.EGFP cells displayed comparable levels of T-cell immunosuppression compared to Parent MSCs (see FIG. 3).

Referring to FIG. 3, the immunosuppressive potential of Parent, Ad.EGFP and Ad.SDC2 cell populations were assessed by co-culture with stimulated T cells and quantified by flow cytometry. Results demonstrated significant immuno-suppression by Ad. SDC2 cells, which were capable of suppressing T-cell proliferation compared to the stimulated T-cell positive control. Ad.EGFP populations maintained equivalent immunosuppressive potential to parent MSCs, however Ad.SDC2 populations (marked as “S2”) exhibited a significantly enhanced immunosuppressive potential to both parent and Ad.EGFP MSCs (*=P≤0.05, **=P≤0.001 as determined using Unpaired T Test).

Thus, overexpression of SDC2 in huMSCs resulted in an enhanced immunosuppressive effect when compared to parent huMSCs.

EXAMPLE 2—SUPERNATANT FROM CELLS (MSCs) Overexpressing SDC2 Suppressed T Cell Proliferation

We assayed supernatant from a population of MSCs overexpressing SDC2 for immunosuppressive activity.

Referring to FIG. 4, the results showed that media from cells of the invention, namely S2-overexpressing MSCs (“S2”), was sufficient to suppress CD3/CD28 induced T-cell proliferation when compared with media from two controls: (1) Parental MSCs (“Parental”), and (2) CD3/CD28 stimulated T cells (“T cells St”). Hence, the supernatant was immunosuppressive.

EXAMPLE 3 SDC2 Assay Protocol as a Potency Assay for Therapeutic Product

We developed a protocol for product potency testing based on SDC2 assay.

The protocol comprises:

-   -   1. assay SDC2 levels in the potential product     -   2. compare with predetermined minimum for acceptable therapeutic         product         -   a. level at or above the minimum=accepted (testing ends)         -   b. level below the minimum=not accepted     -   3. compare with maximum for an unacceptable therapeutic product         -   a. level below the maximum=rejected (testing ends)         -   b. level intermediate between minimum for acceptable             therapeutic product and maximum for unacceptable therapeutic             product=treat to increase SDC2 level, then repeat assay

EXAMPLE 4 SDC2 Assay as a Potency Assay for Therapeutic Product

We implemented the protocol of Example 3 into a specific assay for human cell preparations.

The protocol was used with the following predetermined levels:

-   -   1. we assayed SDC2 levels in the potential products     -   2. preparations with SDC2 levels at or above 1400 pg/ml were         accepted as suitable for further processing as potential         therapeutic products; preparations below that level were not         accepted     -   3. preparations with SDC2 levels below 500 pg/ml were initially         noted as not suitable for further processing     -   4. preparations found to be intermediate between 500 and 1400         pg/ml were identified as suitable for treatment with an SDC2         activator to increase their SDC2 levels     -   5. subsequently, we also noted that the preparations whose SDC2         levels were below even 500 pg/ml could be treated with an SDC2         activator to increase their SDC2 levels     -   6. treated populations whose SDC2 levels were raised above 1400         pg/ml were then accepted as suitable for further processing as         potential therapeutic products.

EXAMPLE 5—ACTIVATION OF P53 TO INCREASE ENDOGENOUS SDC2

We tested various HDAC inhibitors for their effect on SDC2 expression on human cell populations initially isolated on the basis of SDC2 expression and maintained subsequently in culture.

Splitomicin, Valproic Acid and 2-pyrrolidinone-n-butyric acid (PBA) all increased SDC2 RNA levels at 24 hrs, with greatest stimulation by Splitomicin

We similarly tested the environmental toxin benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), and found that 600 nM BPDE increased SDC2 secretion approximately 3 fold.

EXAMPLE 6—SDC2 LEVELS IN DONOR CELL POPULATIONS

3 human MSC donors (donor cell preparations) were tested for their levels of SDC2 secretion. The results showed that two donors identified as good performers (labelled as donors 109 and 110) had high levels of SDC2 whereas a third donor identified as a poor performer (donor 111) had low SDC2 levels, and failed the SDC2 assay of Example 4.

EXAMPLE 7 Comparison of Topical Administration of SDC2+, SDC2− And PA-SSC in Diabetic Wound Healing

We compared the activity of various stem cell populations in a wound healing model using Excellagen® (a highly purified formulated homogenate of fibrillar bovine Type I collagen).

In Vivo Experimental Model

Male New Zealand white rabbits (3-3.5 kg) were used for the study. Diabetes was induced in these rabbits with by administration of Alloxan (150 mg/kg) via a marginal ear vein. Serum blood glucose was checked daily using Accucheck advantage strips (Roche). After 5 weeks of hyperglycemia, rabbits were anesthetized using xylazine and ketamine. Sterile, disposable 6-mm punch biopsies were used to create five wounds (three wounds on one ear and two wounds on the other ear). Each wound was treated with one of five randomized treatment groups:

1 No treatment 2 Excellagen ® scaffold alone (25 μl); 3 Excellagen ® with 1 × 10⁶ wild type MSCs (25 μl soln from cell pellet resuspended in Excellagen ®) 4 Excellagen ® with 1 × 10⁶ SDC2 positive (“SDC2+”) type MSCs (25 μl soln from cell pellet resuspended in Excellagen ®) and 5 Excellagen ® with 1 × 10⁶ SDC2 negative (“SDC2−”) type MSCs (25 μl soln from cell pellet resuspended in Excellagen ®).

After application of treatment, the wounds were covered with a polyurethane dressing (OpSite; Smith & Nephew), and the ear was stitched and covered with adhesive dressing (Operfix; Promedicare, Clonee, Ireland) until day 7. The study treatments were randomised and blinded for unbiased assessment. After 7 days, rabbits were sacrificed with intravenous sodium pentobarbital (2 mL).

Result Analysis

After one week of treatment, there was significant difference in wound healing within the different treatment groups. Each wound was traced on the day of sacrifice. A fresh wound was made on the day of sacrifice and the percentage wound area reduction over 1 week was calculated.

Percentage Wound Closure Assessment

On the day of sacrifice, each wound was traced six times. The area of each image was measured using Cell B software (Olympus), and the average area was calculated. The percentage wound area reduction over 1 week in each treatment group was calculated.

Percentage Wound Closure

The percentage wound closure analysis revealed that Excellagen® accelerated the wound healing rate as compared to untreated wounds. Wounds treated with 1 million SDC2+ cells in Excellagen® scaffold showed highest and most significant percentage wound closure when compared with untreated group at 1 week. The wound closure effect of Excellagen® was significantly augmented when mixed with SDC2+ cells.

All wound sections were further processed for histology and stereological analysis.

Histology

The wounds were cut across the midline and fixed in 10% formalin for 24 h. The tissue was processed using a tissue processor (ASP300; Meyer Instruments, Houston, Tex.) and embedded in paraffin. Sections (5 mm) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome using standard protocols.

From the histology staining, it could be observed that Excellagen® treated wounds showed good wound healing with formation of new tissue on wound site. The wounds treated with SDC2+ cells mixed with Excellagen® showed most effective wound healing. The mixing of SDC2+ cells augmented the healing potential of Excellagen® alone. When compared with no treatment group, SDC2+ treated wound showed formation of new tissue on wound site with collagen formation at base of the wound bed.

Neovasculature in the Wound Bed with SDC2+ Cells Treated Wounds

MSCs are known to promote angiogenesis in addition to improving cutaneous wound healing. A similar effect was observed in wounds treated with SDC2+ cells. In these wounds, formation of new blood vessels could be observed within the wound bed. Hence, significant wound healing was observed in SDC2+ treated wounds by increased percentage wound closure and may be associated with more efficient neovasculature.

Summary

MSCs mixed with Excellagen® retained good metabolic activity reflecting no adverse effect of the Excellagen® matrix on viability of cells. Cells were densely populated throughout the Excellagen® matrix with proper distribution and without any cell clump formation. In the current study, the wounds treated with SDC2+ cells mixed with Excellagen® showed increased percentage wound closure when compared with Excellagen® treated control alone. The SDC2+ cells significantly augmented the wound healing potential of Excellagen®. MSCs are also reported to promote angiogenesis. In the present study, increased blood vessel formation was observed within the wound bed in SDC2+ cells treatment group. Hence, SDC2+ treated wounds showed significant wound healing benefit by increased percentage wound closure with more prominent neovasculature. Thus, the SDC2+ cells of the invention in a matrix showed improved wound healing potential with less healing time.

EXAMPLE 8—CANCER CELL MIGRATION

Cell migration is a critical parameter for in vitro cell culture-related studies. It is necessary to monitor the dynamic changes of cell populations under different conditions. Using a real time cell analyser (RTCA, xCELLigence, Roche) which is an impedance-based device we can monitor the following properties in real time: proliferation, migration and cell adherence. Such properties are involved in cancer evolution. We used this method to establish the migratory capacity of cancer cells toward conditioned medium. The model is accepted as predictive of efficacy in cancer therapy—reduced migration in the model indicates anti-cancer properties.

In our investigations, cell migration was determined using 16-well CIM plates read in real-time using the aforementioned xCELLigence device. For these studies a variety of cancer cell lines were used from breast cancer (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-486, MCF-10A), prostate cancer (DU145), pancreas cancer (SU-86-86) and colon carcinoma (HCT116).

The results are summarised in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Cancer Cell Migration Recombinant SDC2 Amount 100 500 1000 Ad. SDC Cell Type ng/ml ng/ml ng/ml 2 (3 μl) MDA-MB-231 ↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓— ↓↓↓ MDA-MB-486 ↓ MCF-10A — Du145 ↓— ↓ SU-86-86 ↓↑ ↓↓ ↓↑ ↓ HCT116 ↓ ↓ ↓ Key: ↑ = increased migration compared to conditioned media; ↓ = decreased cell migration compared to conditioned media; — = no changed compared to conditioned media.

Breast Cancer Cell Lines

-   -   Recombinant SDC2 (500 ng/ml rSDC2 (n=5) and 100 ng/ml (n=2))         inhibited migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. A similar migratory         result was produced with Ad.SDC2 (3 μl)-CM (n=3).     -   MDA-MB-486 cells exhibited a reduction in migration towards         Ad.SDC2-CM (3 μl; n=1).     -   Ad.SDC2 (3 μl) did not alter migration of MCF-10A cells (n=1).

Prostate Cancer Cell Lines

-   -   The addition of 500 ng/ml of rSDC2 to the serum free MSC-CM         reduced migration of DU145 cells in one experiment and no change         in a second experiment when compared to conditioned media alone.         Ad.SDC2 (3 μl) reduced migration of DU145 cells (n=1). This         shows that the EC domain of SDC2 inhibited migration of this         prostate cancer cell line.

Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line

-   -   The migratory capacity of SU-86-86 cells varied; one experiment         increased migration towards rSDC2-CM (at 100 ng/ml, 500 ng/ml         and 1000 ng/ml; n=1) and another showed a decrease in migration         towards rSDC2-CM (at 100 ng/ml, 500 ng/ml and 1000 ng/ml; n=1).

Colon Carcinoma Cell Line

-   -   HCT116 cells showed a decrease in migration towards rSDC2-CM at         all concentrations tested (100-1000 ng/ml).

Conclusion

Overall, these results show the changes in behaviour of different cancer cells towards SDC2 in the media. In general, SDC2 reduced the migratory capacity of cancers, indicating an anti-cancer effect in the model, in particular MDA-MB-231 cells (breast cancer).

In initial tests, to be confirmed by a subsequent, expanded programme of work in this area, an antibody to SDC2 showed a similar inhibition of breast cancer migration, indicating anti-cancer activity.

EXAMPLE 9—IMMUNE SUPPRESSION

Using rSDC2 as used in Example 8, we investigated the activity of SDC2 in a model of immune suppression. We found that SDC2 protein suppressed NFκB activation by TNFα and IL1β. This demonstrated immune suppressing activity in the SDC2 protein per se.

A549 cells stably transduced with κB luciferase plasmid were pretreated for 1 hour with SDC2 recombinant protein. 10 ng/mL TNF-α/IL-1β was added to the media and luciferase assay performed after 24 hours. The results are shown in FIG. 5. ***=p<0.0001 with respect to 0 ng/mL S2

A549 cells stably transduced with κB luciferase plasmid and treated for 24 hours with recombinant SDC2. The results are shown in FIG. 6. In the top panel: cytokines were added to the media for 24 hours and luciferase assay performed. In the bottom panel: media was replaced before addition of cytokines for 24 hours. *=p<0.01 with respect to 0 ng/mL S2; ***=p<0.0001 with respect to 0 ng/mL S2; +++=p<0.0001 with respect to 100 ng/mL S2.

A549 κBL cells were transduced with either 1 μL/mL or 3 μL/mL Ad.Null or Ad.SDC2 and treated with cytokines for 24 hours before luciferase assay performed. The results are shown in FIG. 7. **=p<0.001 with respect to 0 ng/mL S2

These results showed an immune suppression effect of SDC2 protein.

EXAMPLE 10—P53 REGULATION OF SDC2

To determine the role of p53 in SDC2 protein signaling we pharmacologically perturbed the p53 pathway within the MSC by utilising a p53 agonist (nutlin-3a) to help dilineate the SDC2 response. Nutlin-3a induces pronounced p53 response and inhibits growth.

Methods Cell Culture and Treatment

MSCs were plated at a density of 10⁵ cells per well of a 6-well plate (Nunc) in complete media (α-MEM, 10% FBS) and left to adhere overnight. Medium was then exchanged for serum-free containing Nutlin-3a or DMSO as a carrier control. 24 h post-induction the cells were harvested for both RNA and protein and the serum-free supernatant was collected for ELISA.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

The levels of human Syndecan-2 was measured in supernatants collected from hMSCs using commercially available ELISA assays (CUSABIO). The assay was conducted as per the manufacturer's instructions. Calibration curves were prepared using purified standards for SDC2. Curve fitting was accomplished by sigmoidal logisitic regression following manufacturer's instructions.

Results Nutlin-3a Treatment of MSCs Results in a Dose-Dependent Increase in SDC2 Shedding

24 h post-treatment with Nutlin-3a (5, 10, 20 μM) or DMSO carrier control (5, 20 μM), the supernatant from MSCs was collected, centrifuged for 5 min at 1500 rpm and subjected to SDC2 ELISA including unconditioned serum-free media as an additional control.

FIG. 8 shows that Nutlin-3a treatment of MSCs causes dose-dependent increase in SDC2 shedding. MSCs treated with either Nutlin-3a or DMSO as a carrier control for 24 h in serum-free media. The serum-free supernatants were collected and a commercially available SDC2 ELISA kit was used to detect shed SDC2 present in the supernatants. The Nutlin-3a treated cells exhibited increased SDC2 shedding when compared to the DMSO control.

FIG. 8 is representative of three independent experiments with three different human MSC donors. The amount of shed SDC2 increases from 250 pg/ml in the 20 μM DMSO control to an average of nearly 1000 pg/ml in the Nutlin-3a 20 μM dose.

Thus this experiment demonstrates that a compound that upregulates p53 activity (Nutilin-3a) also increases SDC2 shedding.

EXAMPLE 11

Chemotherapeutics Enhance SDC2 Shedding from Human MSCs

We tested various chemotherapeutics inhibitors for their effect on SDC2 shedding from human MSCs; in particular taxol, camptothecin, etoposide and BPDE (benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide).

MSCs were treated with the chemotherapeutics for 24 h prior to serum starve for 24 h. The cell supernatant were harvested and the relative fold change in shed SDC2 protein expression was analysed by ELISA.

FIG. 9 shows the results of these experiments and that chemotherapeutics enhance SDC2 shedding from human MSCs.

EXAMPLE 12 Identifying Domains of SDC-2 Responsible for Regulation of NF-κB

To determine which fragment or domains of SDC-2 could be responsible for regulation of NF-κB signaling we used a luciferase reporter gene system under the control of a κB motif. We transduced these cells with an empty vector control adenovirus (p3×FLAG-CMV-14) or a vector expressing 12 fragments of SDC2 (1.4 to 12.4) and determined the effect on NF-κB transcriptional activity.

FIG. 10 shows that over-expression of SDC-2 C-terminal deletion fragments (1-6) attenuate NF-κB activity in response to IL-1β, or TNF-α. NF-κB-luciferase expressing cells were transfected with Empty vector (p3×FLAG-CMV-14) or vector expressing fragments 1.4 to 12.4. After 24 hrs, cells were treated with cytokines for 24 hrs, IL-1β (10 ng/ml), TNF-α (10 ng/ml), then a luciferase assay was performed.

The fragments are referred to in FIG. 10 as numbers 1 to 12. These correspond to the following peptide fragments of SDC-2: 1, 1-79; 2,1-87; 3,1-100; 4,1-144; 5,1-169; 6,1-201; 7,19-79; 8,19-87; 9,19-100; 10,19-144; 11,19-169; 12,19-201

Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β, can activate NF-κB transcriptional activity, which is observed in empty vector control lanes. NF-κB transcriptional activity is induced approximately, 3-, and 4-fold by TNF-α and IL-1β respectively in control cells. However, in the fragment 1-6 expressing cells the TNF-α-, IL-1β-, and TNFα/IL-1β-induced increase in NF-κB transcriptional activity is significantly reduced (FIG. 10). Notably, the fragments expressing the N-terminal signal peptide (1-18) significantly inhibited both IL1β and TNF-α activation of NF-κB. Fragments 1.4 (1-79) and 2.4 (1-87) robustly inhibited NF-κB activation, suggesting the heparan sulfate binding sites and signal peptide are both required for the suppression of NFκB.

This data suggests that the immunosuppressive properties of SDC2, and possibly the migratory properties, could be attributed to the N-terminus of SDC-2. By inhibiting NF-κB activity, SDC2 fragments can reduce the immune response and be used as anti-inflammatory agents, and for wound healing, cancer therapy and inflammatory disease.

EXAMPLE 13 Syndecan-2 Inhibits NF-kB Signaling and Limits IL6 and IL8 Secretion in Response to IL-1β, TNFα, and IL 1β/TNFα

To determine whether SDC-2 could be affecting NF-κB signaling we used a luciferase reporter gene system under the control of a κB motif. We transduced these cells with an empty vector control adenovirus (Ad-control) or an SDC2 expressing adenovirus (Ad-SDC2) and determined the effect on NF-κB transcriptional activity. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1β, and a combination of TNFα/IL-1β can activate NF-κB transcriptional activity, as shown in FIG. 11A. NF-κB transcriptional activity is induced approximately, 3-, 3.5-, and 4-fold by TNFα, IL-1β, and TNFα/IL-1β respectively in control cells. However, in SDC-2 expressing cells the TNFα-, IL-1β-, and TNFα/IL-1β-induced increase in NF-κB transcriptional activity is significantly reduced (FIG. 11).

In addition to the decrease in NF-κB transcriptional activity, there was an associated significant decrease in TNFα-, IL-1β-, and TNFα/IL-1β-induced release of IL-6 and IL-8, both of which are regulated by NF-κB (FIGS. 11B and 11C).

Taken together this data shows the anti-inflammatory properties of SDC2, by regulation of the NF-κB pathway.

EXAMPLE 14 Targeting of SDC2 Antibodies to SDC2 Localised in Cancer Stroma

We investigated the localisation of SDC2⁺ cells in a cancer model to confirm earlier work and determine a strategy for therapeutic intervention in cancer treatment.

An MMTV PyMT-P2A-mCherry-P2A-OVA (PyMT ChOVA) mouse was kindly generated by Prof. Matt Krummel at UCSF. Where the mCherry and OVA (ovalbumin) sequence is linked to the polyoma virus, middle T antigen (PyMT) and the whole sequence is driven by the MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) promoter.

Tumour Growth—

Female PyMT ChOVA mice were monitored for tumour onset by palpation of mammary glands and monitored weekly for total tumour burden by measurement of tumour size with Vernier calipers. Combined tumour burden was calculated by summation of all palpable tumour areas. Tumour area was defined as length×width of tumour. Mice were sacrificed when tumour burden exceeded 200 mm², in accordance with ACREC animal protocol.

Tumour Digestion—

PyMT tumours were dissected from mice and total weight of removed tumour was determined. Tumours were then minced using scalpels and digested with 2 mg/ml Collagenase IV (Sigma) and 200 pg/ml DNAse per 0.3 grams of tumour weight for 1.5 hrs. Tumour was then passed through a 100 μm cell strainer to remove large pieces of undigested tumour. A 70%/37%/30% Percoll gradient was then run to remove dead cells and red blood cells, and both interfaces were collected.

Flow Cytometry—

All antibodies were purchased from R&D Systems, BD Pharmingen, eBioscience, Invitrogen or Biolegend. For surface staining, cells were incubated with anti-Fc receptor antibody (24G2) and stained with the appropriate antibodies in PBS 2% FCS. All flow cytometry was performed on a FACSCanto flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Analysis of flow cytometry data was done using FlowJo (Treestar).

Tumour stromal cells were sorted based on the following markers CD45⁻, mCherry⁻, gp38⁺, CD362⁺ and DAPI⁻. Epithelial tumour cells were sorted based on being CD45⁻, DAPI⁻ and mCherry⁺.

The results showed that SDC2 (CD362/Syndecan-2) protein expression was localised to CD45⁻, mCherry⁻, gp38⁺, CD362⁺ and DAPI tumour stroma. Thus, SDC2-positive cells were localised in the cancer stroma, further supporting earlier work indicating an anti-cancer effect of SDC2 antagonists, e.g. antibodies to SDC2, in cancer therapy.

The invention hence provides immunomodulation and other therapies via modulation of SDC2 levels and/or activity. 

1.-75. (canceled)
 76. A method of reducing an inflammatory response in a subject, the method comprising contacting a cell of the subject with a composition comprising Syndecan-2 (SDC2) or a fragment of SDC2.
 77. The method of claim 76, wherein the fragment of SDC2 comprises at least 30 consecutive residues of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3
 78. The method of claim 76, wherein the SDC2 or fragment of SDC2 has a sequence with at least 90% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 over at least 30 consecutive residues.
 79. The method of claim 76, wherein the fragment of SDC2 comprises at least 61 consecutive residues of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 3. 80. The method of claim 76, wherein the fragment of SDC2 comprises at least 79 consecutive residues of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 3. 81. The method of claim 76, wherein the fragment of SDC2 comprises at least 87 consecutive residues of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 3. 82. The method of claim 76, wherein the SDC2 has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 3. 83. The method of claim 76, wherein the fragment of SDC2 is a polypeptide selected from the list consisting of residues 1-79; 1-87; 1-100; 1-144; 1-169; 9-79; 19-87; 19-100; 19-169; and 19-201 of a full-length SDC2.
 84. The method of claim 76, wherein the SDC2 is human SDC2.
 85. The method of claim 76, wherein the SDC2 or fragment of SDC2 is obtained from a cell culture supernatant.
 86. The method of claim 76, wherein the composition comprises a cell.
 87. The method of claim 86, wherein the cell comprises a stromal stem cell.
 88. The method of claim 86, wherein the cell comprises a nucleic acid encoding the SDC2 or fragment of SDC2.
 89. The method of claim 86, wherein the cell is transfected with a vector that encodes the SDC2 or fragment of SDC2.
 90. The method of claim 86, wherein the cell is infected with a virus that encodes the SDC2 or fragment of SDC2.
 91. The method of claim 76, wherein the composition further comprises an anti-inflammatory agent selected from the group consisting of an anti-TNFα antibody, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, etanercept, an anti-CD3 antibody, muromonab-CD3, otelixizumab, teplizumab, visilizumab, and combinations thereof.
 92. The method of claim 76, wherein the SDC2 or fragment of SDC2 reduces at least one symptom of an inflammatory response in the subject.
 93. The method of claim 76, wherein the inflammatory response comprises a T cell proliferation response.
 94. The method of claim 76, wherein the inflammatory response comprises NFκB activation.
 95. The method of claim 76, wherein the inflammatory response comprises a response to at least one of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα), Interleukin-6 (IL6), Interleukin-8 (IL8), and Interleukin-1β (IL1β). 